Abstract: Economic globalization and the politicization of economic liberalism have impacted the economic sovereignty of states, amid the profound transformations experienced by the international economic system following major global crises. Through trade liberalization, capital flow facilitation, and the strengthening of international financial institutions, economic globalization has contributed to reshaping national economic policies, thereby reducing the margin of independence in economic decision-making for many countries. Global crises, such as the 2008 global financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russia–Ukraine war, have exposed the fragility of the globalized liberal model and highlighted the political nature of liberal economic policies, which are often promoted or imposed under the banners of free markets and economic openness. These crises have also revealed the growing external pressures on national policies and the renewed role of the state in managing the economy to safeguard stability and economic sovereignty. In this context, this study seeks to analyze the dialectical relationship between economic globalization and the politicization of liberalism on the one hand, and their implications for economic sovereignty on the other, highlighting how states’ capacities to formulate independent economic policies are affected in the post-crisis era, amid a complex balance between the requirements of integration into the global economy and the imperatives of protecting national interests.