2
Faculty of Law - University of Warith Al-Anbiya (PBUH)
3
University of Anbar - College of Education / Qaim
Abstract
Peaceful civil coexistence represents a civilised social, political, and cultural phenomenon and an objective of the domestic policies of states. At the same time, it is a successful means of establishing the concept of the state. This wonderful duality between the end and the means results from the fact that peaceful coexistence represents the pinnacle of a pyramid resting on three cultural and political foundations: dialogue governed by mutual respect, fairness and justice, and the rejection of fanaticism and hatred. Tolerance is the key to dialogue and a path to achieving equality. Citizenship then comes as a third pillar, as if it were the spirit that flows through the bodies of the people of a single nation, enhancing their sense of belonging. Just as peaceful coexistence has foundations, it also yields fruits that represent the most important concepts of the state, such as human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the strengthening of social cohesion. The Islamic state is no different from other states in its lack of peaceful coexistence to establish its concept among its people. However, it is distinguished by several features, including that the sacred texts, which represent the supreme authority for the state's laws, call for coexistence. Among these is the history replete with experiences of peaceful coexistence. It was then depicted in the era of the Prophet's state, such as the Charter of Medina, the Treaty of Hudaybah, and the Conquest of Mecca. The scenes recorded during the Conquest of Mecca embodied peaceful coexistence in its most beautiful form. When the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) pardoned the people of Mecca and treated them with kindness, even though they had fought him and expelled him from his country, this reinforced the concept of the state that rejects fanaticism, revenge, and retaliation. This is a culture befitting a tribe, not a state. At that time, the Arabs were in dire need of instilling the concept of the state within them, as it was a recent phenomenon in their lives. Indeed, this coexistence had an impact on consolidating the concept of the state, strengthening its pillars, and expanding it. This was followed by an important humanitarian event, the declaration of human rights during the Farewell Pilgrimage. It adopted the support of the oppressed and kindness to them and focused on the concept of human equality
Al-Shammari,R Hamoudi Karim, Sajid Nail,M Sajid and Majeed,T Abd. (2026). Peaceful Coexistence and Its Impact on Establishing the Concept of the Islamic State/The Conquest of Mecca as a Model. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences, 17(Issue: 1 part 2), 721-740. doi: 10.63677/jqlap.2026.192041
MLA
Al-Shammari,R Hamoudi Karim, , Sajid Nail,M Sajid, and Majeed,T Abd. "Peaceful Coexistence and Its Impact on Establishing the Concept of the Islamic State/The Conquest of Mecca as a Model", AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences, 17, Issue: 1 part 2, 2026, 721-740. doi: 10.63677/jqlap.2026.192041
HARVARD
Al-Shammari R Hamoudi Karim, Sajid Nail M Sajid, Majeed T Abd. (2026). 'Peaceful Coexistence and Its Impact on Establishing the Concept of the Islamic State/The Conquest of Mecca as a Model', AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences, 17(Issue: 1 part 2), pp. 721-740. doi: 10.63677/jqlap.2026.192041
CHICAGO
R Hamoudi Karim Al-Shammari, M Sajid Sajid Nail and T Abd Majeed, "Peaceful Coexistence and Its Impact on Establishing the Concept of the Islamic State/The Conquest of Mecca as a Model," AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences, 17 Issue: 1 part 2 (2026): 721-740, doi: 10.63677/jqlap.2026.192041
VANCOUVER
Al-Shammari R Hamoudi Karim, Sajid Nail M Sajid, Majeed T Abd. Peaceful Coexistence and Its Impact on Establishing the Concept of the Islamic State/The Conquest of Mecca as a Model. AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences. 2026;17(Issue: 1 part 2):721-740. doi: 10.63677/jqlap.2026.192041
